Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NO_x, NO₂ and NO diminished by 55.8%, 44.1%, 76.9%, and 40.4%, 33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019, under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6% and 61.4%. The concentration of NO₂, SO₂ and PM_2.5 decreased by 77.3%, 8.2%, 29.5%, right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020. The average concentrations of NO, NO₂ and NO_x scatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%, 47.9%, 57.4% and 62.3%, 34.8%, 41.8% lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019. However, a significant increase in O₃ levels by 50.0% and 25.9% at WUH and SHA was observed, respectively. These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities, while amplified O₃ pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NO_x emissions.     

肺炎疫情期间医护人员心理危机干预效果分析

为提升医护人员心理健康水平,该文对肺炎疫情期间医护人员实施心理危机干预并分析其效果,以参与2020年1月25日-2月25日湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情期间救治工作的300名医护人员作为研究对象,平均划分为实验组和对照组,其中针对实验组实施统一的心理危机干预训练,此期间对照组未参与训练但日常生活与实验组统一,选取四种量表分别对干预前后的两组实施测评。测评结果表明,干预后实验组的SCL-90各因子得分、SDS得分及SAS得分较干预前均下降明显,且下降幅度超过对照组;实验组干预后的GQOLI总得分与各维度得分均较干预前显著升高,且升高幅度高于对照组。综上,心理危机干预可显著提升医护人员的心理健康水平,缓解其心理紧张等症状,能够在一定程度上降低肺炎疫情期间医护人员的心理危机感。     

Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: new insights and management

In this article, we review the virology, pathology, epidemiology and clinical spectrum of intrauterine human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection, including intrauterine fetal death, non-immune hydrops fetalis, thrombocytopenia and neurological manifestations such as pediatric stroke and perivascular calcifications. In addition, we discuss the new insights into the neurodevelopmental outcome of intrauterine B19V infection. Current diagnosis and management of B19V infection is summarized, including a diagnostic and follow-up flowchart for practical clinical use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险评估

为评估新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险,辅助高校进行复课组织决策,探讨一种高校复课风险评估方法。首先,引入压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,分析各要素互相影响机制,并建立高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险评估指标体系;然后,利用风险的致灾因子与受灾体的脆弱性衡量疫情综合风险度,提出一种高校复课新冠疫情风险的评估方法;最后,以西安市某高校为例,验证风险评估模型的可行性和有效性。结果表明:本模型能准确评估高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险;学校所在地疫情风险等级、人员管控措施、学校应急演练与评估开展状况分别是P、S、R系统的主要影响因素,应重点关注。     

太湖塑料添加剂时空分布和生态风险评价

为揭示新冠疫情背景下太湖塑料添加剂的时空分布和风险水平,研究了典型的双酚类、邻苯二甲酸酯类和苯并三唑类等塑料添加剂在太湖表层水体的赋存情况.对全太湖19个监测点位进行4个季度的监测,并评估其潜在的生态风险.结果表明,自2020年秋季至2021年夏季,双酚A（BPA）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-甲氧基）乙酯（DMEP）、邻苯二甲基丁基苄基酯（BBP）和苯并三唑（UV-328）在太湖表层水体中均有检出.DEP、 DMEP、 BBP、 BPA和UV-328的检出率分别为100%、 97%、 58%、 98%和7%.对比近年来的塑料添加剂污染水平可以发现,太湖的各类塑料添加剂污染水平并未随疫情背景下塑料制品用量的剧增而加重,反而因人类活动减缓而呈现下降趋势.太湖塑料添加剂检出浓度有明显的季度差异,春、夏季平均值高于秋、冬季,分别是104.7、 100.3、 30.7和29.9ng·L^-1.其在空间分布上也具有一定的差异性,主要表现为高浓度点位聚集在太湖西南沿岸.生态风险评估结果表明,太湖塑料添加剂的赋存对藻类存在低风险,比例达30%,秋、冬季风险性高于...     

Fe0/荧光假单胞菌联合处理直接耐晒黑的脱色特性

采用荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescen,简称pf菌)与Fe0微粒构建Fe0/pf菌联合体系,处理了含偶氮类染料-直接耐晒黑(C.I.Direct black 19,简称DB19)废水.在中温((35±2)℃)条件下,比较了纯pf菌、纯Fe0微粒和Fe0/pf菌联合体系的脱色能力,并探讨了联合体系中供氧条件、初始pH值、Fe0投加量和染料初始浓度等因素对DB19脱色的影响.结果表明,在微需氧、菌接种量为5％(体积比)的条件下,染料初始浓度为100 mg·L-1、初始pH =7.0、Fe0投加量为500 mg·L-1时,联合体系内脱氢酶活性最高,处理约30 h后可实现90％以上的脱色率;与纯pf菌比较,Fe0/pf菌联合体系达到该脱色率的时间可提前约40 h.UV-vis和FT-IR光谱分析表明,联合体系中DB19染料的脱色过程是通过偶氮键断裂来实现的,而且部分含苯环或萘环结构的中间产物也可被降解.     

COVID-19: From health crises to food security anxiety and policy implications

Like the rest of the world, African countries are reeling from the health, economic and social effects of COVID-19. The continent’s governments have responded by imposing rigorous lockdowns to limit the spread of the virus. The various lockdown measures are undermining food security, because stay at home orders have among others, threatened food production for a continent that relies heavily on agriculture as the bedrock of the economy. This article draws on quantitative data collected by the GeoPoll, and, from these data, assesses the effect of concern about the local spread and economic impact of COVID-19 on food worries. Qualitative data comprising 12 countries south of the Sahara reveal that lockdowns have created anxiety over food security as a health, economic and human rights/well-being issue. By applying a probit model, we find that concern about the local spread of COVID-19 and economic impact of the virus increases the probability of food worries. Governments have responded with various efforts to support the neediest. By evaluating the various policies rolled out we advocate for a feminist economics approach that necessitates greater use of data analytics to predict the likely impacts of intended regulatory relief responses during the recovery process and post-COVID-19.     

The socioeconomic and environmental drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review

In recent decades, there has been an intensification of the socioeconomic and environmental drivers of pandemics, including ecosystem conversion, meat consumption, urbanization, and connectivity among cities and countries. This paper reviews how these four systemic drivers help explain the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent emerging infectious diseases, and the policies that can be adopted to mitigate their risks. Land-use change and meat consumption increase the likelihood of pathogen spillover from animals to people. The risk that such zoonotic outbreaks will then spread to become pandemics is magnified by growing urban populations and the networks of trade and travel within and among countries. Zoonotic spillover can be mitigated through habitat protection and restrictions on the wildlife trade. Containing infectious disease spread requires a high degree of coordination among institutions across geographic jurisdictions and economic sectors, all backed by international investment and cooperation.     

The future of sustainability in the context of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis emanating both from a virus (SARS-CoV-2) and from the drastic actions to contain it. Here, we reflect on the immediate responses of most world powers amid the pandemic chaos: totalitarian surveillance and nationalist isolation. Drawing on published literature, we consider measures such as wildlife-use bans, lockdowns and travel restrictions, along with their reverberations for people, economies and the planet. Our synthesis highlights significant shortfalls of applying command-and-control tactics in emergencies. For one, heavy-handed bans risk enormous unintended consequences and tend to fail if they lack legitimacy or clash with people’s values. Furthermore, reactive and myopic strategies typically view the pandemic as a stand-alone crisis, rather than unravelling the complex interplay of nature-society interactions through which zoonotic diseases originate. A return to adaptive management approaches that recognise root causes and foster socio-ecological resilience will be essential to improve human and planetary health and mitigate future pandemics.     

2020年新冠疫情期间广州市大气污染物垂直分布特征

为研究新冠疫情发生后广州市实行疫情防控政策对大气污染物浓度的影响,利用广州市2019年12月1日—2020年2月29日的空气质量指数数据及广州塔垂直梯度观测站实时监测的PM_2.5、PM_1.0、NO_x、O₃、SO₂和CO等污染物浓度数据,采用统计分析、污染物特征雷达图及相关性分析等方法,探讨了疫情前后大气污染物的垂直分布、污染特征及其影响因素.结果表明,实施疫情防控政策后,除O₃外,其他组分浓度均有不同程度的下降,其中,NO_x下降幅度最大为68.5%,且浓度随着高度上升而降低;其次PM_2.5下降39.5%,但PM_2.5浓度随高度下降幅度不明显;相反地,O₃浓度升高了18.0%,且浓度随着高度上升而增加.研究发现,疫情防控期间NO_x浓度的减少导致了O₃浓度的积累,从而增强了大气氧化性,促进了高空中二次气溶胶的生成.综上,疫情管控期...